Image credits

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Images from Wikimedia Commons

acanthamoeba-keratitis: Acanthamoeba keratitis with corneal melting and vascularisation (A), and the same corneal damage shown after fluorescein staining (B). Image: Jacob Lorenzo-Morales, Naveed A. Khan and Julia Walochnik, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, re-encoded as JPEG.
acanthamoeba-keratitis: Acanthamoeba cyst seen with interference contrast microscopy, showing its double wall. Scale bar 10 micrometres. Image: Jacob Lorenzo-Morales, Naveed A. Khan and Julia Walochnik, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
acute-primary-angle-closure: Acute angle closure in the right eye (on the left of the image), which is red with a mid-sized pupil that did not react to light; the other eye is shown for comparison. Image: James Heilman, MD, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
anterior-uveitis: Slit-lamp photograph of an eye with anterior uveitis. Image: Pratik Y. Gogri, Somen L. Misra, Raghunandan N. Kothari, Akshay J. Bhandari, Hitesh V. Gidwani, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, re-encoded as JPEG.
anterior-uveitis: Slit-lamp view of an irregular pupil with vascularised posterior synechiae and pigment left behind by a broken synechia. Image: Maria Sieglinda von Nudeldorf, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
anti-vegf-biosimilars: Diagram of how bevacizumab and its biosimilars bind VEGF and stop it from activating VEGF receptors, blocking angiogenesis signalling. Image: Rinda Devi Bachu, Mariam Abou-Dahech, Swapnaa Balaji, Sai H. S. Boddu, Samson Amos, Vishal Singh, R. Jayachandra Babu, Amit K. Tiwari, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, re-encoded as JPEG.
biometry-iol-selection: A posterior chamber intraocular lens of 18.5 dioptres, resting on a fingertip to show its size and haptics. Image: Photograph : Frank C. Müller , Baden-Baden, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
cataract-surgery-complications: Optical coherence tomography cross-section through the central retina showing cystoid macular oedema, with fluid-filled cysts at the macula. Image: Rebellos, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
cerebral-visual-impairment: Side view of the brain showing visual information passing from the primary visual cortex at the back of the brain into the dorsal stream, running upwards, and the ventral stream, running forwards. Image: Andrey Vyshedskiy, Shreyas Mahapatra, Rita Dunn, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, re-encoded as JPEG.
chalazion-hordeolum: A chalazion on the upper eyelid of a right eye, seen as a rounded, reddish swelling of the closed lid. Image: Poupig, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
chemical-eye-injury: Symblepharon in the lower conjunctiva after a chemical eye burn: the lower eyelid lining is stuck to the surface of the eyeball. Image: Ajeeshkumar4u, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
closed-globe-injury: Hyphaema: a layer of blood fills about half of the anterior chamber, settled in front of the lower iris. Image: Rakesh Ahuja, MD, CC BY-SA 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons, re-encoded as JPEG.
cmv-retinitis: Fundus photograph showing the typical 'pizza pie' appearance of cytomegalovirus retinitis, with white retinal necrosis and haemorrhages. Image: S Sudharshan, Sudha K Ganesh, Jyotirmay Biswas, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
conjunctival-melanoma: Gross pathology of a conjunctival melanoma in an orbital exenteration specimen, with dark pigmented tumour beside the cut eye. Image: Ed Uthman, MD, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
contact-lens-safety: A small contact lens-related corneal ulcer seen at the slit lamp, circled in red, shown without stain and, in the inset, with sodium fluorescein staining. Image: Iceclanl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
corneal-abrasion-foreign-body: A corneal abrasion after fluorescein staining; the arrow points to the green-stained area of missing epithelium. Image: James Heilman, MD, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
corneal-transplantation: An eye one year after a cornea transplant, with the edge of the donor cornea visible and two stitches still in place. Image: Megor1, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
cranial-nerve-palsies: Composite of eye-region photographs from a case of oculomotor (third) nerve palsy, showing a drooping upper eyelid in the top panel and the eye positions in different directions of gaze below. Image: Wang Y, Wang XH, Tian MM, Xie CJ, Liu Y, Pan QQ, Lu YN, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, re-encoded as JPEG.
cranial-nerve-palsies: Diagram of both eyes showing the primary, secondary and tertiary actions of each extraocular muscle (superior, inferior, medial and lateral recti and superior and inferior obliques). Image: Jkokavec, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
diabetic-macular-oedema: Fundus photograph of diabetic macular oedema from the National Eye Institute. Yellow exudates are clustered around the macula. Image: United States, National Institutes of Health, National Eye Institute Ref#: EDA10, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons, re-encoded as JPEG.
diabetic-retinopathy-screening: Fundus photograph showing several signs of diabetic retinopathy, including scattered yellowish hard exudates, microaneurysms and small haemorrhages. Image: Shaofeng Hao, Changyan Liu, Na Li, Yanrong Wu, Dongdong Li, Qingyue Gao, Ziyou Yuan, Guanyan Li, Huilin Li, Jianzhou Yang, and Shengfu Fan., CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
diabetic-retinopathy-screening: A non-mydriatic Topcon retinal camera of the kind used to take fundus photographs. Image: Jason Ruck ( User:Jason7825 ), CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
dry-eye-disease: Meibomian glands in the everted lower eyelid imaged under amber light, showing the gland structure and blood vessels. Image: Vinum opus, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, re-encoded as JPEG.
effective-cataract-surgical-coverage: Close-up of an eye with a dense white mature cataract filling the pupil. Image: Imrankabirhossain, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
endophthalmitis: Slit-lamp view of a hypopyon: a pale layer of inflammatory cells settled at the bottom of the anterior chamber. Image: Imrankabirhossain, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
eyelid-laceration: Diagram of the tear system: lacrimal gland (a), upper and lower lacrimal puncta (b, e), upper and lower canaliculi (c, f), lacrimal sac (d) and nasolacrimal duct (g). Image: Since FML's vector image was broken, Erin_Silversmith took the bitmap version and vectorised it. The labels in Portuguese were replaced with letters, for internationalisation purposes. (The iris was redone in the second revision of this image, based on the photograph Image:Iris.eye.225px.jpg (automatically vectorised using Delineate). However, in the fifth revision, this was then replaced by a spoke-like design based on the original GIF.) To the right, there is an example of how the diagram can be used in an article. Note how the diagram is neat, and the labels can be Wikilinks. If a version with labels in a certain language is deemed necessary, it should be uploaded with the language suffix i.e. Tear system xx.svg where xx is the language code., CC BY-SA 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
femtosecond-laser-cataract-surgery: Surgical microscope view after femtosecond laser treatment, showing the circular anterior capsulotomy and the cross-shaped lens-fragmentation pattern. Image: Robert Edward Ty Ang, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, re-encoded as JPEG.
fluorescein-angiography: Fluorescein angiogram of the right eye of a 33-year-old, showing the optic disc and the darker macula, with no abnormalities detected. Image: Mekhahertz, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
geographic-atrophy: Fundus image of geographic atrophy of the retina. Image: Ktkvtsh, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
geographic-atrophy: Diagram of proposed mechanisms in geographic atrophy, including the complement system, the visual cycle, oxidative stress and inflammasome activation. Image: Rajanala K, Dotiwala F, Upadhyay A., CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, re-encoded as JPEG.
giant-cell-arteritis: Microscope section of an artery in giant cell arteritis, with labels marking the narrowed remaining lumen, internal elastic lamina, giant cells and lymphocytes. Image: Abhishek Lunagariya, Chintan Rupareliya, Pradeep C. Bollu, Zabeen Mahuwala, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
gonioscopy: Diagram of the principle of gonioscopy. A mirror in the gonioscope placed on the cornea with lubricant reflects an image of the iridocorneal angle to the examiner. Image: Mick lucas at English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, re-encoded as JPEG.
gonioscopy: Gonioscopic view of the anterior chamber angle with numbered structures: 1 Schwalbe's line, 2 trabecular meshwork, 3 scleral spur, 4 ciliary body and 5 iris. Image: Snoop, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons, re-encoded as JPEG.
herpes-simplex-keratitis: A dendritic corneal ulcer: a branching pattern stained with fluorescein, seen under blue light. Image: Imrankabirhossain, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
herpes-zoster-ophthalmicus: An eye with herpes zoster ophthalmicus examined under cobalt blue light after fluorescein staining, showing areas of staining on the eye surface. Image: James Heilman, MD, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
hydroxychloroquine-retinopathy: Colour fundus photograph and autofluorescence image of the left eye in chloroquine retinopathy, a closely related drug toxicity. The autofluorescence image shows a ring of change around the fovea, the bull's eye pattern. Image: Doctors:Xiaoyun Ma, Liang Yan, Linping He Dongyi He, Hao Lu from Shanghai, China, CC BY 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension: Fundus photograph of the right eye of a person with severe idiopathic intracranial hypertension, showing a markedly swollen optic disc (papilloedema) with obscured margins. Image: DocSee04, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
idiopathic-orbital-inflammation: Coronal T1-weighted MRI in IgG4-related orbital disease, showing enlargement of both supraorbital nerves (arrows) and of the right infraorbital nerve (arrowhead). Image: Masayuki Takahira, Yoshiaki Ozawa, Mitsuhiro Kawano, Yoh Zen, Shoko Hamaoka, Kazunori Yamada, and Kazuhisa Sugiyama, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, re-encoded as JPEG.
infection-control-eye-unit: A single eye with epidemic adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis, showing intense redness and swelling of the conjunctiva. Image: Marco Mayer, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
intermittent-exotropia: Close-up of an adult's eyes with one eye turned outwards (exotropia). Image: KLN55, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
intravitreal-drug-safety: Slit-lamp view of a hypopyon, a layer of white inflammatory cells settled at the bottom of the anterior chamber. Image: Imrankabirhossain, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
keratoconus: Corneal topography of a left eye with stage II keratoconus: a curvature map and a thickness map showing a steep, thin area of cornea. Image: Elise A. Slim et al., CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
laser-refractive-surgery: Corneal topography and tomography maps taken as part of the preliminary assessment before LASIK. The test maps the cornea for raised areas and surface irregularities. Image: Amaris5, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
leber-hereditary-optic-neuropathy: Diagram of mitochondrial inheritance: when the mother is affected all her children inherit the condition, whereas an affected father does not pass it to his children. Image: Jmarchn, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
local-anaesthesia-eye-surgery: Side view of the eye and orbit with the outer wall removed, showing the extraocular muscles running back from the eyeball to the orbital apex around the optic nerve. Image: Patrick J. Lynch, medical illustrator, CC BY 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
low-vision-rehabilitation: An illuminated dome magnifier, a low-vision aid, resting on a printed calendar. The numbers under the dome are enlarged. Image: Ajeeshkumar4u, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
mydriatics-cycloplegics: Both eyes with widely dilated pupils after dilating eye drops. Image: Acabashi, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
myopia-control-atropine: Diagram from the US National Eye Institute of axial myopia. Light entering the elongated eye comes to a focus in front of the retina. Image: National Eye Institute, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons, re-encoded as JPEG.
myopia-control-optical: An orthokeratology lens on the eye. The edge of the lens can be seen near the border of the iris. Image: Yaroslav Ulyushin, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
nasolacrimal-duct-obstruction: Dacryocystitis on the left side, with pus coming from the lacrimal sac at the inner corner of the eye. Image: Natanalyzator, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
next-generation-anti-vegf: An ophthalmologist performing an intravitreal injection under an operating microscope. Image: Zkalila1998, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
oct-angiography: OCT angiography images of the superficial and deep capillary layers, with the foveal avascular zone outlined in red. Image: Werner JU, Böhm F, Lang GE, Dreyhaupt J, Lang GK, Enders C, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
oct-interpretation: Spectral-domain OCT of the macula in central serous chorioretinopathy, showing an optically empty space between the retina and the retinal pigment epithelium. Image: Ashley Ireland, OD, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
ocular-adnexal-lymphoma: Axial T2-weighted MRI of the orbits in orbital lymphoma, with the arrow marking infiltration at the medial rectus muscle of the left eye. Image: Sehmeet singh, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, re-encoded as JPEG.
ocular-antibiotics-resistance: A swollen, red eye with pus along the lower lid margin from bacterial conjunctivitis. Image: Tanalai at English Wikipedia ( Original text: Tanalai ( talk ) ), CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
ocular-toxoplasmosis: Fundus photograph showing the typical 'headlight in fog' appearance in a patient with acquired toxoplasmosis. Image: S Sudharshan, Sudha K Ganesh, Jyotirmay Biswas, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
ocular-toxoplasmosis: Fundus photograph of a typical punched-out macular scar from healed congenital toxoplasmosis. Image: S Sudharshan, Sudha K Ganesh, Jyotirmay Biswas, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
ocular-ultrasound: Ocular ultrasound of a large retinoblastoma within the eye of a three-year-old child, with an A-scan trace shown along the marked line. Image: Natebw, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons, re-encoded as JPEG.
onchocerciasis: Scanning electron micrograph of an adult black fly (Simulium) with the parasite Onchocerca volvulus emerging from its antenna. Image: United States Department of Agriculture, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
open-globe-injury: Close-up of a single eye with a globe rupture, with intense redness and bleeding under the conjunctiva. Image: S Bhimji MD, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, re-encoded as JPEG.
ophthalmia-neonatorum: A newborn with gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum, showing swollen, closed eyelids with crusted yellow discharge on both eyes. Image: CDC/ J. Pledger, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
optic-disc-assessment: Optic disc and nerve fibre layer imaging report from the right eye of an 80-year-old man with glaucoma and significant optic disc involvement. Image: Jmarchn, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
optic-neuritis: Fundus photograph of the right eye in optic neuritis, showing a swollen optic disc with blurred margins. Image: Pratik Y. Gogri, Somen L. Misra, Raghunandan N. Kothari, Akshay J. Bhandari, Hitesh V. Gidwani, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, re-encoded as JPEG.
optogenetics-vision-restoration: Fundus of a patient with end-stage retinitis pigmentosa: pigment deposits across the retina, very thin retinal vessels and a pale optic disc. Image: Christian Hamel, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
orbital-cellulitis: Periorbital cellulitis of the left eye, with swollen, reddened eyelids and swelling of the conjunctiva. The cause was not specified. Image: Bobjgalindo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
orbital-compartment-syndrome: Orbital compartment syndrome from an acute retrobulbar haemorrhage after orbital trauma, with tense swollen lids, bruising and bulging, blood-stained conjunctiva. Image: CPT Steven Roy Ballard, MD; COL Robert W. Enzenauer, MD, MPH; Col (Ret) Thomas O’Donnell, MD; James C. Fleming, MD; COL Gregory Risk, MD, MPH, FACEP; Aaron N. Waite, MD, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons, re-encoded as JPEG.
orbital-fracture: Coronal CT showing a fracture of the left orbital floor, marked by the red arrow, above the maxillary sinus. Image: James Heilman, MD, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, re-encoded as JPEG.
outdoor-time-myopia-prevention: Schematic of refractive errors: from top, emmetropia with light focused on the retina, myopia with a longer eye focusing light in front of the retina, and hyperopia with a shorter eye focusing light behind it. Image: Philos2000, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, re-encoded as JPEG.
phacoemulsification: Diagram of the steps of lens removal by phacoemulsification: a clear lens, a lens with a cataract, extraction of the lens with a phaco probe and manipulator, and an implanted intraocular lens. Image: Fernandez Agrafojo, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
phakic-iols: A posterior chamber implantable phakic lens photographed outside the eye, showing the central optic and the flat footplates on each side. Image: Augen33, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
posterior-capsule-opacification: Posterior capsule opacification after cataract surgery, seen on retroillumination: the red reflex through the pupil is interrupted by many small opacities on the capsule. Image: Rakesh Ahuja, MD, CC BY-SA 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons, re-encoded as JPEG.
presbyopia-correcting-iols: Diagram of the different types of intraocular lens: monofocal, accommodative, extended depth of focus (EDoF), trifocal and multifocal spherical lenses, and a toric monofocal lens. Image: Jmarchn, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
presbyopia-drops: Diagram comparing a normal eye with presbyopia. With age the lens becomes less flexible and the focal point falls behind the retina, blurring near vision. Image: BruceBlaus, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, re-encoded as JPEG.
primary-open-angle-glaucoma: Optical coherence tomography report of a right optic disc and retinal nerve fibre layer in an eye with glaucoma and significant optic disc involvement. Image: Jmarchn, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
proliferative-diabetic-retinopathy: Fundus photograph of proliferative diabetic retinopathy from the National Eye Institute, in which abnormal new blood vessels and scar tissue form on the surface of the retina. Image: http://www.nei.nih.gov/photo/eyedis/index.asp, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
pterygium: A severe pterygium: a wing of vascular conjunctival tissue grows from the inner corner of the eye across the cornea towards the pupil. Image: Jmvaras José Miguel Varas, MD, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
pupil-abnormalities: Anisocoria: the right pupil is larger than the left after tropicamide drops were put into the right eye only. Image: Radomil talk, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
radiation-retinopathy: Fundus photographs of radiation retinopathy, showing scattered retinal haemorrhages and pale cotton-wool spots. Image: Doctors Abha Gupta, Felipe Dhawahir-Scala, Amy Smith, Lorna Young and Steve Charles from Manchester, UK, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons, re-encoded as JPEG.
ready-made-spectacles: A pair of reading glasses resting on a dictionary page. The print seen through the lenses appears enlarged. Image: Mk2010, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
red-eye-triage: Conjunctivitis: diffuse redness of the white of the eye and the inner lining of the lower lid, with a clear cornea. Image: Aykhan Zayedzadeh, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
retinal-artery-occlusion: Fundus photograph in central retinal artery occlusion showing a cherry-red spot at the fovea surrounded by pale, swollen retina. Image: Dr. Gopal Bisht, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
retinal-artery-occlusion: OCT scan of the macula in central retinal artery occlusion, showing swelling of the retina. Image: sidthedoc, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
retinal-detachment: Fundus image of a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment associated with a horseshoe-shaped retinal tear. Image: Amaris5, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
retinal-detachment: Ocular ultrasound of a retinal detachment in a patient with vision reduced to light perception. Image: CheckDO, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
retinal-gene-therapy: Fundus of a patient with mid-stage retinitis pigmentosa, an inherited retinal disease, with bone spicule-shaped pigment deposits in the mid-periphery, attenuated vessels and a preserved macula. Image: Christian Hamel, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
retinal-vein-occlusion: Colour fundus photograph of a left eye with occlusion of the superotemporal branch retinal vein. Intraretinal haemorrhages and exudates are confined to the affected sector of the retina. Image: Ku C Yong, Tan A Kah, Yeap T Ghee, Lim C Siang and Mae-Lynn C Bastion, Department of Ophthalmology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC) and Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia., CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons, re-encoded as JPEG.
retinal-vein-occlusion: Central retinal vein occlusion: (a) fundus photograph with intraretinal haemorrhages; (b) fluorescein angiogram in which the haemorrhages block the background choroidal fluorescence. Image: Werner JU, Böhm F, Lang GE, Dreyhaupt J, Lang GK, Enders C, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
retinoblastoma: Ocular ultrasound of a large retinoblastoma filling much of the eye of a three-year-old boy. Image: Natebw, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons, re-encoded as JPEG.
retinopathy-of-prematurity: Diagram of the right and left retina showing zones I, II and III and the clock-hour sectors used to describe where vessel growth and retinopathy occur. Image: Michael F Chiang, Graham E Quinn, Alastair R Fielder, Susan R Ostmo, RV Paul Chan, Audina Berrocal, Gil Binenbaum, Michael Blair, J Peter Campbell, Antonio Capone Jr, Yi Chen, Shuan Dai, Anna Ells, Brian Fleck, William V Good, M Elizabeth Hartnett, Gerd Holmstrom, Shunji Kusaka, Andrés Kychenthal, Domenico Lepore, Birgit Lorenz, Maria Ana Martinez-Castellanos, Şengül Özdek, Dupe Ademola-Popoola, James D Reynolds, Parag K Shah, Michael Shapiro, Andreas Stahl, Cynthia Toth, Anand Vinekar, Linda Visser, David K Wallace, Wei-Chi Wu, Peiquan Zhao, Andrea Zin, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
scleritis: Scleral translucency following recurrent scleritis; the affected sclera looks bluish-grey. Image: Imrankabirhossain, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
selective-laser-trabeculoplasty: Anterior segment OCT cross-section of a wide-open drainage angle, where the sclera, scleral spur, trabecular meshwork and iris can be seen. SLT is applied to the trabecular meshwork in open angles. Image: Wies6014, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
sudden-vision-loss: Central retinal artery occlusion: the retina is pale and swollen with a cherry-red spot at the centre of the macula and narrowed vessels. Image: Achim Fieß, Ömer Cal, Stephan Kehrein, Sven Halstenberg, Inez Frisch, Ulrich Helmut Steinhorst, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons, re-encoded as JPEG.
thyroid-eye-disease: Axial MRI of the orbits in Graves' ophthalmopathy. Arrows mark enlarged extraocular muscles, with congestion of the space behind the eyes. Image: Huy A Tran and Glenn EM Reeves, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
tonometry: A Goldmann-type applanation tonometer mounted on a slit lamp, with its clear measuring prism at the front. Image: Pocahontas Smith, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
tonometry: The two semicircles (mires) seen through the slit lamp during Goldmann tonometry, under blue light with fluorescein. Image: Manimury at English Wikipedia, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
topical-corticosteroids: Posterior subcapsular cataract seen against the red reflex by retroillumination. Cataract is one of the main local risks of corticosteroids; the source does not state the cause in this eye. Image: Imrankabirhossain, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
trabeculectomy: Diagram of conventional glaucoma surgery: a new opening is made so that fluid can leave the eye under the conjunctiva, lowering intraocular pressure. Image: National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
trachoma-elimination: Clinical features of trachoma: (a) active trachoma in a child with follicular and papillary inflammation, (b) tarsal conjunctival scarring, (c) entropion and trichiasis, and (d) corneal opacification with entropion and trichiasis. Image: Hu VH, Harding-Esch EM, Burton MJ, Bailey RL, Kadimpeul J, Mabey DC., CC BY 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons, re-encoded as JPEG.
trachoma-elimination: Diagram of how poverty, limited water and sanitation, poor hygiene and overcrowding lead to infection and repeated reinfection with Chlamydia trachomatis. Image: Toumasis, P.; Vrioni, G.; Tsinopoulos, I.T.; Exindari, M.; Samonis, G., CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, re-encoded as JPEG.
trichiasis: Clinical features of trachoma: (a) active trachoma with follicles and papillae, (b) scarring of the tarsal conjunctiva, (c) entropion and trichiasis, and (d) corneal opacification with entropion and trichiasis. Image: Hu VH, Harding-Esch EM, Burton MJ, Bailey RL, Kadimpeul J, Mabey DC., CC BY 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons, re-encoded as JPEG.
uveal-melanoma: B-scan ultrasound of a choroidal melanoma, with callipers measuring the tumour's base and height. Image: Jmarchn, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
uveitic-macular-oedema: OCT cross-section through the central retina showing cystoid macular oedema, with fluid-filled cysts at the macula. Image: Rebellos, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
visual-acuity-testing: A Snellen chart for visual acuity testing. Each row is marked with the distance in metres at which a normal eye can read it. Image: Creative magnet, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
visual-field-interpretation: Numerical printout of the central 30 degrees from a static perimetry test, with a sensitivity value at each tested point and the blind spot marked. Image: H. de Groot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons, re-encoded as JPEG.
visual-pathway-field-defects: Diagram of the visual pathway from the retina through the optic nerve, optic chiasm, lateral geniculate nucleus and optic radiations to the occipital cortex, with the right and left visual fields shown in colour. Image: Firoz, M.; Shome, N.; Wong, N.; Jonnalagadda, P.; Tunga, H.; Shafiee, A.; Shafiee, A.; Bobba, S.; Kooner, K.S., CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.
vitamin-a-deficiency: Illustration of a Bitot's spot, a foamy greyish patch on the white of the eye beside the cornea. Image: Hariadhi, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, re-encoded as JPEG.
vkh-disease: Poliosis (whitening) of the eyelashes in a patient with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome. Image: National Eye Institute, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons, re-encoded as JPEG.
vkh-disease: Slit-lamp photograph of keratic precipitates due to Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. Image: Imrankabirhossain, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, resized to 800 px wide and re-encoded as JPEG.

Original illustrations

Schematic diagrams drawn for Easy Ophthalmology. They simplify anatomy and clinical signs for teaching and are not photographs or scans of real patients.

acute-primary-angle-closure: In pupil block, aqueous is held up behind the iris, the iris bows forward and its edge closes the drainage angle. A laser peripheral iridotomy gives aqueous another route forward, so the iris lies flatter and the angle can open. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
ai-retina-oct: An AI-supported diabetic retinopathy screening pathway: referable results are referred by the programme's standard, ungradable images are re-imaged or sent for human grading, and sudden vision loss needs prompt examination whatever the AI result. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
amblyopia: The main treatment options for amblyopia: glasses first, then either patching the better eye or blurring it with atropine drops; binocular treatment uses a game played with both eyes open. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
behcet-uveitis: Schematic fundus showing posterior segment signs described in Behçet uveitis: occlusive retinal vasculitis, retinitis, cystoid macular oedema and retinal neovascularisation. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
biometry-iol-selection: Biometry measures corneal power (keratometry, from the front and back surfaces of the cornea) and axial length, the distance from the front of the cornea to the retina. A formula combines them to choose the IOL power. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
cerebral-visual-impairment: The eyes, optic nerves and chiasm form the anterior visual pathway, which is checked first with a full eye examination. Cerebral visual impairment comes from damage further back, in the visual parts of the brain. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
chalazion-hordeolum: Cross-section of the upper eyelid. The meibomian glands lie in the tarsal plate and open at the lid margin behind the lashes: a lump here is a chalazion or internal hordeolum. The glands of Zeis and Moll lie at the lash roots: infection here is an external hordeolum (stye). Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
childhood-glaucoma: Schematic comparison of a normal infant eye with an eye affected by childhood glaucoma, showing increased corneal diameter, a cloudy cornea and Haab striae. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
choroidal-metastases: A choroidal metastasis in cross-section: a yellow mass in the choroid with an irregular, "lumpy bumpy" surface, and subretinal fluid lifting the retina over and beside it. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
choroidal-naevus: A lower-risk choroidal naevus is flat, with drusen and a surrounding halo; a lesion with risk features may show orange pigment, a diameter over 5 mm, thickness over 2 mm and subretinal fluid. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
congenital-nasolacrimal-duct-obstruction: How tears drain from the eye into the nose, and where the duct is usually blocked in congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction: a membrane at its lower end. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
contact-lens-safety: The safe-wear advice in this article: wash and dry hands before handling lenses, clean and replace the storage case, do not sleep in lenses and prefer daily disposables. A painful red eye in a wearer means removing the lens and referring immediately. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
corneal-transplantation: Penetrating keratoplasty replaces the full thickness of the cornea, DALK replaces the front layers and keeps the patient's own Descemet membrane and endothelium, and the endothelial grafts replace the back layers: DSAEK with a thin layer of back stroma, DMEK with Descemet membrane and endothelium only. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
diabetic-macular-oedema: A normal macula has a central dip, the foveal pit. In diabetic macular oedema, fluid leaking from diseased retinal capillaries thickens the central retina, with fluid spaces and exudates; when the oedema reaches the fovea it is centre-involving, the key treatment decision. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
drug-induced-optic-neuropathy: The three drugs covered in this article compared side by side, with the checks and action that apply to all of them. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
dry-eye-disease: The tear film has an outer lipid layer made by the meibomian glands, a middle aqueous layer and an inner mucin layer. In meibomian gland dysfunction the lipid layer is thin and patchy, tears evaporate faster and the film becomes unstable: evaporative dry eye, the more common form. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
entropion-ectropion: Side views of the lower lid. In entropion the lid margin turns inward so the lashes rub the cornea; in ectropion the lid turns outward, away from the globe. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
esotropia: In accommodative esotropia one eye turns in towards the nose, and full cycloplegic hyperopic correction usually straightens the eyes. The corneal light reflex is off centre in the turned eye. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
eye-care-workforce: Three tiers of the eye care workforce and the tasks shared at each, with referral passing up the tiers and training and supervision passing down. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
eyelid-laceration: A laceration through the inner part of the lower lid can cut the lower canaliculus; at repair, the medial cut end nearer the lacrimal sac is the hardest part to find. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
eyelid-tumours: Where periocular cancers most often arise in the series cited in this article: basal cell carcinoma mostly on the lower lid and at the medial canthus, and sebaceous carcinoma more often on the upper lid. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
fungal-keratitis: Schematic of a fungal corneal ulcer with a grey-white infiltrate, feathery margins, satellite lesions and a hypopyon. Signs are often non-specific, so corneal scraping is still needed to confirm the diagnosis. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
glaucoma-drainage-devices: A drainage device tube runs from the anterior chamber back over the sclera to a plate further back on the eye. A patch graft and the conjunctiva cover the tube, and thinning of this cover can lead to tube exposure. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
glaucoma-medications: Aqueous humour is made by the ciliary body and leaves the eye through the trabecular meshwork or the uveoscleral route. The diagram shows which of these each main drug class mainly targets. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
global-eye-health: Estimated numbers of adults aged 50 years and older who were blind from each leading cause in 2020; cataract far outweighs the other causes. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
glp1-receptor-agonists-and-the-eye: The two eye questions with GLP-1 receptor agonists: early worsening of diabetic retinopathy with a rapid HbA1c fall, and a possible NAION signal at the optic nerve head, where absolute risk is low. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
herpes-simplex-keratitis: Herpes simplex virus lies latent in the trigeminal ganglion and reactivates to cause corneal disease. Epithelial keratitis affects the surface layer, while stromal keratitis is immune-mediated inflammation deeper in the cornea that can leave scarring. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
herpes-zoster-ophthalmicus: Herpes zoster ophthalmicus affects the skin supplied by the ophthalmic division (V1) of the trigeminal nerve on one side: forehead, scalp, upper eyelid and nose, stopping at the midline. Rash on the tip of the nose (Hutchinson's sign) shows involvement of the nasociliary branch, which also supplies the eye; its absence does not exclude eye involvement. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
hydroxychloroquine-retinopathy: Schematic of the two patterns of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy: parafoveal damage close around the fovea, and pericentral damage further out near the vascular arcades. Many patients do not fit their group's usual pattern, so screening should look beyond the central macula. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
idiopathic-orbital-inflammation: Schematic orbit seen from above. In orbital myositis the muscle belly is enlarged in a fusiform shape, compared here with a normal medial rectus; the lacrimal gland is one of the sites often involved in IgG4-related orbital disease. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
immediately-sequential-bilateral-cataract-surgery: In ISBCS each eye is operated on as a separate procedure, with its own aseptic preparation, instruments, fluids and batches. Patients return promptly if either eye becomes painful, red or loses vision. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
immune-checkpoint-ocular-toxicity: Where the drug classes discussed in this article affect the eye: the ocular surface, cornea, uvea, retina, retinal veins and orbit. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
infection-control-eye-unit: Adenovirus can pass from one patient to the next through hands, tonometer tips and instruments, and surfaces; each route has its own control point. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
intraocular-foreign-body: A typical path of a metallic intraocular foreign body: in through a corneal wound, through the lens causing a traumatic cataract, and into the vitreous. Non-contrast CT is the first imaging test, and MRI is avoided while a metallic foreign body is possible. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
intravitreal-drug-safety: An intravitreal injection passes through the sclera behind the limbus, over the flat pars plana, so that the needle stays behind the lens and in front of where the retina begins, aimed at the middle of the vitreous. The article gives no injection distances. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
jia-uveitis: Pooled frequency of uveitis in each JIA subtype, using the figures reported in this article. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
keratoconus: In keratoconus the cornea thins and bulges into a steep cone. In epithelium-off cross-linking, the central epithelium is removed, riboflavin drops are applied and the cornea is treated with ultraviolet A light. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
laser-refractive-surgery: PRK removes the central epithelium and ablates the stromal surface, LASIK lifts a hinged flap and ablates the stromal bed under it, and SMILE removes a lenticule from inside the stroma through a small incision. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
leukocoria-assessment: When light is shone into the pupil, with an ophthalmoscope or in a flash photo, a normal pupil glows red. A white pupil (leukocoria) needs immediate referral to an ophthalmologist. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
leukocoria-assessment: Causes of a white pupil grouped by where they arise in the eye: the front of the eye, the lens, the vitreous and the retina. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
local-anaesthesia-eye-surgery: Schematic horizontal section of the orbit showing where each type of local anaesthesia is placed: topical drops on the surface, subconjunctival injection, a sub-Tenon's cannula, and peribulbar and retrobulbar needles outside and inside the rectus muscle cone. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
manual-small-incision-cataract-surgery: The self-sealing wound of MSICS: a frown-shaped scleral incision outside the limbus, and a tunnel that runs within the wall into clear cornea before entering the anterior chamber. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
metastatic-uveal-melanoma: In metastatic uveal melanoma, HLA-A*02:01 typing decides whether tebentafusp is an option; for HLA-negative patients with extensive disease, trials, percutaneous hepatic perfusion or checkpoint inhibitors can be proposed. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
microbial-keratitis: The key sign of bacterial keratitis: a corneal infiltrate with an overlying epithelial defect, shown from the front and in cross-section. A large, central or deep ulcer needs immediate referral. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
minimally-invasive-glaucoma-surgery: Schematic cross-section of the drainage angle showing where the three main groups of MIGS devices sit: trabecular bypass stents in Schlemm canal, supraciliary devices between the ciliary body and sclera, and subconjunctival devices draining into a bleb. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
mydriatics-cycloplegics: Antimuscarinic drops (tropicamide, cyclopentolate, atropine) block the parasympathetic iris sphincter and ciliary muscle, so the pupil dilates and focusing is lost. Phenylephrine stimulates the sympathetic iris dilator, so it dilates the pupil without cycloplegia. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
myopia-control-optical: A single-vision lens focuses all light on the retina. A myopia control lens such as DIMS keeps a central zone focused on the retina, while its defocus zones focus light in front of the retina (myopic defocus). Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
nasolacrimal-duct-obstruction: Dacryocystorhinostomy creates a new opening through the bone between the lacrimal sac and the nasal cavity, so tears drain from the sac straight into the nose and bypass the blocked nasolacrimal duct. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
neurotrophic-keratopathy: How neurotrophic keratopathy can progress, shown in corneal cross-sections: epithelial breakdown, a persistent epithelial defect, stromal ulceration and thinning, and a descemetocele, where perforation is imminent. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
nmosd-mogad: Typical MRI lesion patterns in optic neuritis: in NMOSD the lesion is extensive and mostly posterior, sometimes reaching the chiasm; in MOGAD it is extensive and anterior, with perineuritis. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
non-arteritic-ischaemic-optic-neuropathy: A normal optic disc beside the pallid disc swelling of NAION, in which the disc is pale and swollen and its blurred margin hides the vessels crossing it. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
non-infectious-uveitis-biologics: Treatment steps in non-infectious uveitis: corticosteroids first with a planned taper, an antimetabolite started during the taper, then a biologic such as adalimumab, with the measures trials used to judge response. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
normal-tension-glaucoma: A healthy optic disc with a small cup beside a disc in normal-tension glaucoma with a larger, deeper cup and a disc haemorrhage, although the angle is open and the intraocular pressure is in the normal range. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
nutritional-optic-neuropathy: Schematic visual fields of both eyes showing bilateral, symmetrical centrocaecal scotomas, which cover fixation and extend to the blind spot. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
oct-interpretation: A schematic normal macular OCT scan: bright and dark bands correspond to the retinal layers, the inner layers thin out at the foveal pit, and the ellipsoid zone and retinal pigment epithelium run continuously beneath it above the choroid. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
ocular-adnexal-lymphoma: The ocular adnexa where lymphoma occurs: the orbit, the conjunctiva, the lacrimal gland and the eyelids. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
ocular-surface-squamous-neoplasia: Schematic of a conjunctival lesion that should raise suspicion of OSSN: a raised, vascular lesion at the limbus with a white (leukoplakic) area, extending onto the cornea. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
ocular-tuberculosis: The COTS expert consensus on when to start antitubercular therapy, by uveitis phenotype, immunologic test result and chest imaging, as summarised in this article. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
ocular-ultrasound: The probe rests on gel on the closed eyelid, with no pressure on the eye. A B-scan sweeps a two-dimensional slice through the eye, from the lens to the retina and optic nerve; an A-scan samples a single line. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
open-globe-injury: Signs that suggest an open globe include a corneal wound, a shallow anterior chamber, lens dislocation, vitreous haemorrhage, an altered globe contour and an intraocular foreign body; a normal CT does not exclude an open globe or a foreign body. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
optic-disc-assessment: A healthy disc has a small cup and a broad neuroretinal rim; a glaucomatous disc shows an enlarged cup, a thinned rim with a notch, and may show a disc haemorrhage at its margin. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
orbital-cellulitis: The orbital septum separates the eyelid in front from the orbit behind. Infection in front of the septum is preseptal cellulitis; infection behind it, around the globe and optic nerve, is orbital (postseptal) cellulitis, most often spread from the ethmoid sinus. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
orbital-compartment-syndrome: In orbital compartment syndrome, bleeding behind the eye raises pressure inside the closed space formed by the bony walls and the tight eyelids; lateral canthotomy and inferior cantholysis release the lids at the lateral canthus so the globe can move forward and pressure falls. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
outdoor-time-myopia-prevention: The practical points of an outdoor-time programme from this article: duration matters more than bright sunlight, schools can add outdoor class or recess, families can add time outside school, and about 120 to 150 minutes a day reduced incidence risk by 15% to 24%. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
paediatric-cataract: Schematic of the red reflex test: an even red glow is normal, while a dark opacity in the reflex or a white pupil (leukocoria) needs referral. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
paediatric-vision-screening: Vision screening steps through childhood each refer children to an optometrist or ophthalmologist for a full eye examination and treatment. Screening only helps if referred children reach care. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
phakic-iols: A posterior chamber phakic lens sits behind the iris in front of the natural lens, separated from it by the vault; an iris-fixated lens sits in the anterior chamber, clipped to the iris. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
posterior-capsule-opacification: Posterior capsule opacification behind an intraocular lens blocks light reaching the retina; Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy makes a central opening in the posterior capsule that clears the visual axis. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
primary-angle-closure-disease: The stages of primary angle-closure disease: a narrow angle only (PACS), synechiae or raised pressure (PAC), and in addition optic disc or field damage (PACG). Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
primary-eye-care: The pyramid of eye care described in this article, from community and primary health workers through vision centres to secondary and tertiary mentor hospitals, with referral going up and telemedicine and mentoring coming down. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
ptosis: Schematic of the four ptosis measurements: marginal reflex distance 1, palpebral fissure height, lid crease height and levator function, the lid's travel from down gaze to up gaze with the brow held. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
pupil-abnormalities: The sympathetic pathway to the eye runs from the brain down the spinal cord, out into the chest over the lung apex, and back up the neck along the internal carotid artery to the eye, so a lesion causing Horner syndrome can lie in the head, neck or chest. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
red-eye-triage: Diffuse redness with discharge and equal pupils points to simple conjunctivitis; a smaller or distorted pupil in the red eye or corneal involvement are warning signs that need urgent referral, as are vision loss, severe pain and photophobia. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
red-light-therapy-myopia: Red light from a desktop device passes through the pupil and lens to the retina, which is why fundus imaging and OCT are advised before and during treatment. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
refractive-error-children: Ray diagrams of myopia, where light focuses in front of the retina and a minus lens corrects it, and hypermetropia, where light would focus behind the retina and a plus lens corrects it. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
retinal-detachment: In rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, vitreous traction causes a full-thickness retinal break, and fluid passes from the vitreous cavity through the break into the subretinal space, lifting the retina; here the macula is still attached. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
school-eye-health: The pathway of a school eye health programme, from teacher screening to refraction, spectacles and checks on spectacle wear, with referral of children whose vision does not improve or who have other eye problems. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
selective-laser-trabeculoplasty: Selective laser trabeculoplasty applied to half (180 degrees) or all (360 degrees) of the trabecular meshwork; 360-degree treatment gave a greater pressure reduction in trials. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
smartphone-and-portable-imaging: A portable fundus imaging pathway as described in this article, from image capture and a gradability check to remote or AI grading and referral by finding. Symptoms or reduced acuity still need examination when the image looks normal. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
sudden-vision-loss: Where the causes covered here arise: acute angle-closure glaucoma at the front of the eye, retinal detachment in the retina, retinal artery occlusion in the retinal arteries, NAION, optic neuritis and giant cell arteritis at the optic nerve, and carotid disease as a source of transient loss. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
tonometry: In applanation tonometry a prism flattens a fixed area of the cornea, and the force needed reflects the pressure inside the eye. A thin cornea gives an artefactually low reading and a thick cornea an artefactually high one. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
topical-corticosteroids: Schematic of the routes for ocular corticosteroids (drops, periocular injection, intravitreal injection or implant) and the main local risks: raised IOP, cataract and worsening of an untreated infection. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
trabeculectomy: After trabeculectomy, aqueous flows from the anterior chamber under a scleral flap into a bleb under the conjunctiva. Scarring can block this flow and let the pressure rise (antimetabolites such as MMC or 5-FU reduce scarring), the bleb can leak, and too much flow causes hypotony and a shallow anterior chamber. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
traumatic-optic-neuropathy: The optic nerve runs from the eye through the orbit into the bony optic canal. In indirect injury, force from a blow to the head or orbit is transmitted to the nerve, and swelling within the canal or bone fragments are thought to cause damage. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.
vitreoretinal-lymphoma: Schematic of the eye in vitreoretinal lymphoma, with vitreous cells in sheets and clumps and creamy-white outer retinal lesions; the magnified view shows lesions within the retina, in the subretinal space and beneath the RPE. Original illustration (schematic), not a photograph or scan of a real patient. Easy Ophthalmology; drawn by Claude (AI), 2026-10-18; awaiting the Editor-in-Chief's review.